ईस्वी 632 में हजरत मुहम्मद का निधन होने तक लगभग सम्पूर्ण अरब प्रायद्वीप पर इस्लाम का प्रचार हो गया था। हजरत मुहम्मद की मृत्यु के बाद उनके ससुर अबूबक्र अथवा अबूबकर को हजरत मुहम्मद का उत्तराधिकारी चुना गया। इन उत्तराधिकारियों को खलीफा कहा गया। इस प्रकार अबूबक्र मुसलमानों के पहले खलीफा हुए।
खलीफाओं के समय में भी इस्लाम तथा राजनीति में अटूट सम्बन्ध बना रहा क्योंकि खलीफा भी इस्लाम तथा राज्य दोनों के प्रधान होते थे। उनके राज्य का शासन कुरान के अनुसार होता था। इससे राज्य में मुल्ला-मौलवियों का प्रभाव बढ़ा। ये मुल्ला-मौलवी लोगों को कुरान के सिद्धांतों के बारे में बताते थे किंतु धार्मिक नेता के रूप में भी खलीफा का आदेश उसी तरह सर्वोच्च होता था, जिस तरह उसका आदेश सैनिक एवं राजनीतिक मामलों में सर्वोच्च होता था।
हजरत मुहम्मद के उत्तराधिकारियों को खलीफा कहा गया। हजरत मुहम्मद के ससुर अबूबक्र को पहला खलीफा बनाया गया जो कुटम्ब में सर्वाधिक बूढ़े थे। अबूबक्र के प्रयासों से मेसोपोटमिया तथा सीरिया में इस्लाम धर्म का प्रचार हुआ। अबूबक्र की मृत्यु होने पर ईस्वी 634 में उमर को खलीफा चुना गया।
इस रोचक इतिहास का वीडियो देखें-
उमर ने इस्लाम के प्रचार में जितनी सफलता प्राप्त की उतनी सम्भवतः अन्य किसी खलीफा ने नहीं की। उस्मान इब्न अफ्फान को तीसरा और अली इब्नू अबू तालिब को चौथा खलीफा बनाया गया। पहले चार खलीफा, हजरत मुहम्मद के साथी रहे थे। इसलिए उन्हें खलीफाओं की परम्परा में विशिष्ट माना जाता है। खलीफाओं की परम्परा हजरत मुहम्मद के साथियों के बाद भी चलती रही।
खलीफाओं के नेतृत्व में अरबवासियों ने इस्लाम के प्रसार के साथ-साथ राजनीतिक विजय का अभियान शुरू किया। खलीफाओं ने धार्मिक असहिष्णुता की नीति का अनुसरण किया जिसके फलस्वरूप अन्य धर्म वालों को इस्लामिक राज्य का नागरिक नहीं समझा गया। खलीफा उमर ने अपने शासनकाल में इस्लाम के अनुयाइयों को प्रबल सैनिक संगठन में परिवर्तित कर दिया। जहाँ कहीं खलीफा की सेनाएं गईं, वहाँ पर इस्लाम का प्रचार किया गया। यह प्रचार उपदेशकों द्वारा नहीं वरन् सुल्तानों और सैनिकों द्वारा तलवार के बल पर किया गया जिसे ‘जेहाद’ कहा गया। जिहादी सेनाएँ जहाँ कहीं भी गईं, वहाँ की धरा रक्त-रंजित हो गई।
ईस्वी 680 में हजरत मुहम्मद के अनुयाइयों में परस्पर संघर्ष हुआ जिसे ‘करबला का युद्ध’ कहा जाता है। इसके बाद हजरत मुहम्मद के अनुयाई ‘शिया’ और ‘सुन्नी’ नामक दो सम्प्रदायों में बंट गए किंतु जेहाद के माध्यम से इस्लाम के प्रचार का काम बिना किसी बड़ी बाधा के चलता रहा।
खलीफा के सेनापति अपने शत्रु पर युद्ध में विजय प्राप्त करने के लिए ‘जेहाद’ का नारा लगाते थे। जेहादियों का मानना है कि इस्लाम का एक निर्देश इस्लाम की खातिर जिहाद से सम्बन्ध रखता है जिसका आशय पवित्र युद्ध एवं धर्मयुद्ध से है। इसका व्यावहारिक अर्थ बुत-परस्ती करने वालों एवं इस्लाम को न मानने वालों को इस्लाम का अनुयाई बनाने से है।
यद्यपि कुरान ‘किताबवालों’ अर्थात् यहूदियों और ईसाईयों के प्रति थोड़ी उदार है। फिर भी कुरान में उन ‘किताबवालों’ के साथ लड़ने का आदेश है जो अल्लाह को नहीं मानते और इस्लाम के आगे नहीं झुकते। चूंकि बहुत से लोग इस्लाम को स्वीकार करने से मना कर देते थे इसलिए जेहाद प्रायः भयंकर रूप धारण कर लेता था जिससे दानवता ताण्डव करने लगती थी और मजहब के नाम पर घनघोर अमानवीय कार्य किए जाते थे। इस कारण जेहादी सेनाएं जिस भी देश में गईं, उस देश के समक्ष नई चुनौतियां खड़ी हो गईं। फिर भी जेहाद जीतता रहा और आगे बढ़ता रहा। देखते ही देखते भूमध्यसागरीय देशों- सीरिया, फिलीस्तीन, दमिश्क, साइप्रस, क्रीट, मिस्र आदि देशों पर अधिकार कर लिया गया। इसके बाद फारस को इस्लाम की अधीनता में लाया गया जिसे अब ईरान कहा जाता है।
फारस के बाद उत्तरी अफ्रीका के नव-मुस्लिमों और अरबों ने स्पेन में प्रवेश किया। स्पेन तथा पुर्तगाल जीतने के बाद खलीफा की सेनाओं ने फ्रांस में प्रवेश किया परन्तु ई.732 में फ्रांसिसियों ने चार्ल्स मार्टेल के नेतृत्व में ‘तुर्स के युद्ध’ में खलीफा की सेना को परास्त कर उसे पुनः स्पेन में धकेल दिया जहाँ ई.1492 तक उनका शासन रहा। इसके बाद उन्हें स्पेन से भी हटाना पड़ा। अरबों ने पूर्वी रोमन साम्राज्य की राजधानी कुस्तुन्तुनिया पर भीषण आक्रमण किए। 15वीं सदी में ओटोमन तुर्कों ने कुस्तुन्तुनिया को जीतकर इस कार्य को पूरा किया। उधर फारस को जीतने के बाद अरबों ने बुखारा और समरकन्द पर अधिकार कर लिया। मध्यएशिया पर उन्होंने पूर्ण प्रभुत्व स्थापित किया।
यद्यपि लगभग पूरे संसार में इस्लाम का प्रवेश जेहादी सेनाओं के माध्यम से हुआ तथापि भारत में इस्लाम का पहला प्रवेश जेहादी सेनाओं के माध्यम से नहीं होकर व्यापारियों के माध्यम से हुआ। अरब क्षेत्र में रहने वाले व्यापारी अपने बड़े-बड़े काफिलों के साथ सदियों से भारत में आकर व्यापार किया करते थे। वे अरब देश में पैदा होने वाले खजूर, ऊंट, जैतून आदि लेकर भारत आते थे और भारत से मसाले, कपास तथा अनाज लेकर जाते थे। जब अरब में इस्लाम का प्रसार हुआ तो इन्हीं अरब व्यापारियों के साथ सातवीं शताब्दी में इस्लाम ने भारत में प्रवेश किया।
अरब के ये व्यापारी प्रायः भारत के दक्षिण-पश्चिमी समुद्र तटीय क्षेत्र में आया करते थे। इन्हीं में से कुछ अरब व्यापारी दक्षिण भारत के मलाबार तथा अन्य स्थानांे पर स्थायी रूप से बस गए। इन अरब व्यापारियों ने दक्षिण भारत में व्यापार करने के साथ-साथ बहुत सीमित मात्रा में इस्लाम का प्रचार भी किया। इस कारण दक्षिण भारत के कुछ लोगों ने इस्लाम स्वीकार कर लिया किंतु भारत में इस्लाम का यह प्रभाव बहुत ही सीमित था।
ई.750 में खलीफाओं ने बगदाद को अपनी राजधानी बनाया। इस समय तक अरबवासियों का खलीफा राज्य स्पेन से उत्तरी अफ्रीका होते हुए भारत में सिन्ध और चीन की सीमा तक स्थापित हो चुका था। अरब के रेगिस्तान में स्थित समारा में अल-मुतव्वकिल नामक एक मस्जिद स्थित है। यह वर्तमान समय में इस्लामिक संसार की प्राचीनतम मस्जिद मानी जाती है। इसका निर्माण ई.850 में खलीफा अब्बासी की दूसरी राजधानी समारा में किया गया था। मेसोपाटामिया शैली में ईंटों से निर्मित यह मस्जिद 50 मीटर ऊंची है। कई शताब्दियों तक यह विश्व की सबसे बड़ी मस्जिद भी थी किंतु अब दुनिया में इससे बड़ी सैंकड़ों मस्जिदें स्थित हैं।
-डॉ. मोहनलाल गुप्ता
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