आज संसार में कई तरह की मुद्राएं चलती हैं जिनमें पेपर करंसी, मेटल करंसी, प्लास्टिक करंसी, क्रिप्टो करंसी आदि प्रमुख हैं। पेपर करंसी में कागज का प्रॉमिसरी नोट आता है। इसमें डॉलर, यूरो, येन, भारतीय रुपया, रूबल आदि विभिन्न मुद्राएं उपलब्ध हैं।
प्लास्टिक करंसी में डेबिट कार्ड, क्रेडिट कार्ड, प्रीपेड कैश-कार्ड आदि प्रमुख हैं। मेटल करंसी में कॉइन अर्थात् सिक्के की गिनती होती है।
क्रिप्टो-करंसी कंप्यूटर एल्गोरिथ्म पर बनती है। अर्थात् यह डिजिटल करेंसी है जिसके लिए क्रिप्टोग्राफी का प्रयोग किया जाता है। यह करेंसी किसी अथॉरिटी के नियंत्रण में नहीं होती। आमतौर पर इसका प्रयोग सामग्री या सेवा खरीदने के लिए किया जाता है।
पूरे आलेख के लिए देखें यह वी-ब्लॉग-
क्रिप्टो करेंसी की शुरुआत वर्ष 2009 में बिटकॉइन के रूप में हुई थी। आज लगभग 1000 तरह की क्रिप्टो-करेंसी मौजूद हैं। इनमें बिटकॉइन, रेडकॉइन, सियाकॉइन, सिस्कोइन, वॉइसकॉइन और मोनरो अधिक प्रसिद्ध हैं।
मुहम्मद बिन तुगलक के युग में अधिकतर देशों में सोने-चांदी के सिक्कों की करंसी चला करती थी। तुगलक ने चौदहवीं सदी के भारत में सोने-चांदी की मुद्रा बंद करके उसके स्थान पर सांकेतिक मुद्रा चलाने की योजना बनाई। यह भारत के लोगों के लिए बिल्कुल नई बात थी।
सांकेतिक मुद्रा उसे कहते हैं जिसका धात्विक मूल्य उस पर अंकित मूल्य से कम होता है। सुल्तान ने सोने-चांदी की मुद्राओं के स्थान पर ताँबे की संकेत मुद्राएँ चलाईं। सुल्तान द्वारा सांकेतिक मुद्रा की योजना, राजधानी परिवर्तन के विफल हो जाने के उपरान्त लागू की गई थी।
संकेत मुद्रा चलाने के कई कारण थे-
उस काल में पूरे विश्व में चांदी की मांग बढ़ जाने से भारत में चाँदी का अभाव हो गया था। अतः मुद्रा बनाने के लिए पर्याप्त चांदी उपलब्ध नहीं रह गई थी। इस कारण राजकोष में तथा बाजार में मुद्रा की कमी हो गई थी और व्यापारिक लेन-देन में असुविधा होने लगी थी।
सुल्तान को शाही सेना को वेतन देने के लिए मुद्रा की आवश्यकता थी।सल्तनत में उठ खड़े हुए विद्रोहों को दबाने, अकाल-पीड़ितों की सहायता करने, नई योजनाएं चलाने, नए भवन बनाने तथा मुक्त-हस्त से पुरस्कार देने के कारण मुहम्मद का राजकोष रिक्त हो गया था और वह बड़े आर्थिक संकट में पड़ गया था।
मुहम्मद बिन तुगलक को ज्ञात था कि चीन तथा फारस आदि देशों में संकेत मुद्रा का प्रचलन है। भारत में ताम्बा प्रचुरता से उपलब्ध था इसलिए सुल्तान ने सोने-चांदी की बजाय ताम्बे की मुद्रा चलाने की आज्ञा दी।
व्यापारियों ने ताम्बे की मुद्रा स्वीकार करने से मना कर दिया। उन्हें लगा कि सरकार ने चाँदी की मुद्राओं का अपहरण करने के लिये यह योजना चलाई है। सुल्तान, जनता से चाँदी की मुद्राएँ लेकर अपने राजकोष में भर लेगा और जनता को ताँबे की मुद्राएँ थमा देगा।
इस पर सुल्तान ने आदेश दिए कि यदि कोई व्यक्ति ताम्बे की मुद्राओं को चांदी की मुद्राओं से बदलना चाहे तो उसे राजकोष से चांदी की मुद्राएं दे दी जाएं। इस पर बहुत से लोगों ने अपने घरों में टकसालें बना लीं और ताँबे की मुद्राएं ढालने लगे। तत्कालीन उलेमा जियाउद्दीन बरनी के अनुसार प्रत्येक हिन्दू का घर टकसाल बन गया जिसमें ताम्बे की नकली मुद्राएं बनने लगीं।
हालांकि जियाउद्दीन का यह आरोप गलत है, उस काल में लोग अपराध करने से डरते थे, हिन्दू प्रजा के लिए तो यह संभव ही नहीं था कि वह सुल्तान तथा उसके सिपाहियों के क्रोध को आमंत्रित कर सके। नकली मुद्राएं बनाने का काम केवल उन सुनारों द्वारा किया गया था जो पहले से ही राजकीय टकसाल के लिए काम करते थे।
कुछ ही दिनों में राजकोष ताम्बे की मुद्राओं से भर गया और सोने-चांदी की मुद्राएं राजकोष से गायब हो गईं। जब बाजार में केवल ताम्बे की मुद्रा दिखाई देने लगी तो व्यापारियों ने तांबे की मुद्राओं के बदले सामान देना बन्द कर दिया। देश में हाहाकार मच गया।
इस पर सुल्तान ने ताम्बे की मुद्रा बंद कर दीं और फिर से सोने-चांदी की मुद्रा बनाने के आदेश दिए। इसके बाद सुल्तान के आदेश से शाही सिपाही व्यापारियों एवं धनी लोगों के घरों एवं दुकानों में घुस गए और दुकानों तथा घरों में छिपाई गई सोने-चांदी की मुद्राओं को जबर्दस्ती छीन लाए।
इस प्रकार सुल्तान की अदूरदर्शिता तथा जनता की बेईमानी के कारण सांकेतिक मुद्रा की योजना असफल हो गई। । इतिहासकारों ने मुहम्मद बिन तुगलक द्वारा चलाई गई संकेत मुद्रा की कड़ी आलोचना की है और उस पर पागल होने का आरोप लगाया है परन्तु वास्तव में यह योजना मुहम्मद तुगलक के पागलपन की नहीं, वरन् उसकी बुद्धिमता की परिचायक थी।
चीन तथा फारस में पहले से ही संकेत मुद्रा चल रही थी। आधुनिक काल में भी पूरे विश्व में संकेत मुद्रा का प्रचलन है। सुल्तान के विरोध में केवल इतना ही कहा जा सकता है कि वह अपने समय से बहुत आगे था। सुल्तान को चाहिए था कि वह टकसाल पर राज्य का एकाधिकार रखता और ऐसी व्यवस्था करता जिससे लोग अपने घरों में संकेत मुद्रा को नहीं ढाल पाते।
अतः हम इस निष्कर्ष पर पहुँचते हैं कि सुल्तान की योजना गलत नहीं थी अपितु उसके कार्यान्वयन का ढंग और समय गलत था।
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