Thursday, December 26, 2024
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पेशवा बाजीराव

पेशवा बाजीराव मराठों के इतिहास में विख्यात योद्धा हुआ है। उसने अपने जीवन काल में न केवल मुगलों के इतिहास को अपितु सम्पूर्ण उत्तर भारत के इतिहास को कंपायमान कर दिया तथा लाल किले की चूलें हिला दीं!

जब मुगल अमीरों के कहने पर बादशाह मुहम्मदशाह रंगीला ने सवाई जयसिंह से मालवा की सूबेदारी छीन ली तो सवाई जयसिंह ने भी अपनी नीति में परिवर्तन करने का विचार किया। वह समझ गया कि मुगल दरबार की राजनीति उसे कभी भी मराठों के विरुद्ध सफल नहीं होने देगी और यदि जयसिंह सफल हो भी गया तो भी उसे सफलता का पुरस्कार मिलने के स्थान पर मुगल बादशाह की ओर से दण्ड ही मिलेगा। इसलिये जयसिंह ने अब मुगल बादशाह के स्थान पर, मराठों के साथ सहयोग करने का निश्चय किया।

जयसिंह ने पेशवा बाजीराव को जयपुर बुलाने तथा जयपुर से दिल्ली ले जाकर बादशाह से मिलवाने का निश्चय किया। उसने पेशवा के पास अपना एक दूत भेजा तथा पेशवा को लिखा कि वह मराठों और मुगलों के बीच स्थायी शांति की स्थापना के लिये जयपुर आये। पेशवा 5000 सवारों को अपने साथ लेकर आये तथा मार्ग में किसी तरह की लूट-मार न करे।

इस यात्रा के लिये सवाई जयसिंह पेशवा को 50 हजार रुपये प्रति दिन का भुगतान करेगा तथा पीलाजी यादव की जागीर भी उससे तय करके पेशवा को किराये पर दिलवा देगा। पेशवा को हर हालत में सुरक्षित लौटा लाने की जिम्मेदारी पर बादशाह से मिलवाने भी ले जाया जायेगा।

पूरे आलेख के लिए देखें यह वी-ब्लॉग-

पेशवा बाजीराव (प्रथम) ने सवाई जयसिंह का निमंत्रण स्वीकार कर लिया और 9 अक्टूबर 1735 को सेना सहित पूना से रवाना होकर 15 जनवरी 1736 को डूंगरपुर तथा फरवरी 1736 में उदयपुर पहुंच गया। महाराणा ने पेशवा को डेढ़ लाख रुपये सालाना चौथ देने का वचन दिया।

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यहाँ से पेशवा ने अपने दूत महादेव भट हिंगाड़े को जयपुर भेजा जिसे सवाई जयसिंह के मंत्री राजामल ने जयसिंह से मिलवाया। सवाई जयसिंह ने पेशवा बाजीराव (प्रथम) को नगद और सम्पत्ति के रूप में 5 लाख रुपये देने स्वीकार कर लिये। सवाई जयसिंह का मंत्री राजामल स्वयं यह प्रस्ताव लेकर पेशवा के पास गया और पेशवा को जयपुर चलने के लिये कहा। स्थायी शांति की आशा में पेशवा ने राजपूताने में स्थित अपने सेनापतियों को लड़ाई बंद करके दक्षिण को लौट जाने के आदेश दिये तथा नाथद्वारा होते हुए जयपुर की ओर रवाना हुआ।

अजमेर से 30 मील पहले भमोला गांव में सवाई जयसिंह पेशवा बाजीराव से मिला। वहाँ दो शिविर बनाये गये तथा दो शिविरों के बीच में भेंट के लिये एक अलग मण्डप बनाया गया जिसके दोनों तरफ सशस्त्र मराठे और राजपूत सैनिक नियुक्त किये गये। 25 फरवरी 1736 को दोनों सरदार अलग-अलग दिशाओं से भमोला पहुंचे और एक साथ हाथियों से उतरकर गले मिले। दोनों राजपुरुष एक ही मसनद पर बैठे।

पेशवा बाजीराव पुरोहित कुल में उत्पन्न होते हुए भी राजसी शिष्टाचारों से अनभिज्ञ था। सुसभ्य और सुसंस्कृत महाराजा सवाई जयसिंह ने अर्द्धसभ्य मराठा नेता की अशिष्टताओं को देखा किंतु अपने चेहरे पर असंतोष का कोई भाव नहीं आने दिया। इस शिष्टाचार भेंट के बाद कई दिनों तक दोनों में निरन्तर विचार विमर्श हुआ।

सवाई जयसिंह ने बादशाह मुहम्मदशाह को पेशवा की मांगों के बारे में सूचित कर दिया परन्तु बादशाह ने जयसिंह को लिखा कि जयसिंह को मालवा का नाममात्र का सूबेदार तथा पेशवा को नायब सूबेदार बनाकर मालवा, पेशवा को सौंप दिया जायेगा किंतु पेशवा की और कोई मांग नहीं मानी जायेगी।

इस पर पेशवा बाजीराव नाराज होकर पूना लौट गया। सवाई जयसिंह ने पेशवा और बादशाह के मध्य समझौता कराने का पूरा-पूरा प्रयास किया था परन्तु पेशवा की बढ़ती हुई मांगों, मुगल दरबार के षड़यंत्रों और बादशाह की ढुलमुल नीति के कारण कोई ठोस परिणाम नहीं निकला।

जयसिंह का विचार था कि जिन मराठों से औरंगजेब जैसे बादशाह को भी मुंह की खानी पड़ी थी, उन मराठों से मुहम्मदशाह जैसा कमजोर, निकम्मा और अदूरदर्शी बादशाह कैसे लड़ सकता था! एक न एक दिन मुगलों को मराठों के हाथों नीचा देखना पड़ेगा!

जयसिंह की भविष्यवाणी के सत्य सिद्ध होने का समय आ गया था। 12 नवम्बर 1736 को पेशवा बीजाराव ने एक शक्तिशाली सेना के साथ पुनः पूना से उत्तर भारत के लिए प्रस्थान किया। वह मालवा में राजपूतों, बुंदेलखण्ड में बुंदेलों तथा दो-आब में जाटों के प्रदेशों में तेजी से निकलता हुआ दिल्ली की ओर बढ़ने लगा।

मुहम्मद शाह के निर्देश पर अवध के सूबेदार सआदत अली खाँ ने विशाल सेना लेकर आगरा के निकट बाजीराव का मार्ग रोका परन्तु बाजीराव पेशवा सआदत अली खाँ को भुलावे में डालकर दिल्ली पहुंच गया। उसने दिल्ली में घुसकर कालकाजी को लूट लिया तथा ताल कटोरा पर शाही सेना को भयानक पराजय का स्वाद चखाया। मुहम्मदशाह लाल किले में बंद हो गया।

पेशवा बाजीराव दिल्ली को लूटने के बाद राजपूताने की तरफ लौट गया। पेशवा बाजीराव ने बादशाह की इज्जत का खयाल करते हुए लाल किले में प्रवेश नहीं किया। मार्ग में वह पुनः आम्बेर राज्य से होकर निकला। इस बार जयसिंह ने मराठों से संधि कर ली और उन्हें कर देना स्वीकार कर लिया। इस प्रकार ई.1737 में जयपुर भी मराठों को चौथ देने वाला राज्य बन गया।

इस पूरे अभियान में कोई भी राजपूत राजा; बादशाह बहादुरशाह रंगीला की सहायता के लिए आगे नहीं आया। इस पर बादशाह ने हैदराबाद के निजाम चिनकुलीच खाँ को तुरंत सेना लेकर आने के लिए लिखा। निजाम इस समय तक स्वयं को स्वतंत्र कर चुका था किंतु वह स्वयं मराठों से कई बार पराजित हो गया था इसलिए अपनी हार का बदला लेना चाहता था।

निजाम चिनकुलीच खाँ इस बात को भी समझ रहा था कि यदि मराठे दिल्ली के लाल किले में जाकर बैठ गए तो फिर निजाम के लिए हैदराबाद में राज्य कर पाना भी संभव नहीं रह जाएगा। अतः निजाम चिनकुलीच खाँ एक विशाल सेना लेकर तत्काल दिल्ली के लिए रवाना हो गया।

अभी वह भोपाल तक ही पहुंच पाया था कि उसे बाजीराव पेशवा की सेना सामने से आती हुई मिली। भोपाल में ही दोनों सेनाओं के बीच जबर्दस्त संघर्ष हुआ किंतु पेशवा बाजीराव ने निजाम की सेनाओं को पराजित कर दिया तथा चिनकुलीच खाँ को मुगलों के लिए अपमानजनक शर्तों पर संधि करने के लिए विवश कर दिया।

7 जनवरी 1738 को हुई दुराहा संधि ने मुगल प्रतिष्ठा की धज्जियां उड़ा कर रख दीं। मालवा सदैव के लिये मुगलों के हाथ से निकलकर पेशवा के अधिकार में चला गया और चम्बल तथा नर्मदा के बीच के सम्पूर्ण प्रदेश पर मराठों का अधिकार हो गया। निजामुल्मुल्क ने युद्ध की क्षति-पूर्ति के रूप में पेशवा को 50 लाख रुपये देने स्वीकार किये। इस काल में मराठे पूरी तरह उफान पर थे और विकराल जोंक बनकर पूरे उत्तरी भारत का रक्त चूस रहे थे।

28 अप्रैल 1740 को पेशवा बाजीराव (प्रथम) की मृत्यु हो गई। उसकी मृत्यु के बाद छत्रपति शाहूजी ने बाजीराव के 19 वर्षीय पुत्र बालाजी बाजीराव को पेशवा नियुक्त किया। बालाजी बाजीराव के समय में मराठा साम्राज्य अपने चरम पर पहुँच गया। छत्रपति की समस्त शक्तियाँ पेशवा के हाथों में चली गईं और सतारा के स्थान पर पूना मराठा राजनीति का केन्द्र बन गया।

-डॉ. मोहनलाल गुप्ता

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