मुहम्मद बिन तुगलक के जीवन काल में ही दक्षिण भारत में हसन गंगू नामक एक ईरानी अमीर ने बहमनी सल्तनत की स्थापना कर ली जो आगे चलकर पांच शिया राज्यों में विभक्त हो गया। ये पांचों शिया राज्य हर समय आपस में लड़ते रहते थे किंतु विजयनगर के हिन्दू राज्य से लड़ने के लिए एक झण्डे के नीचे एकत्रित हो जाया करते थे।
मुहम्मद बिन तुगलक नहीं चाहता था कि भारत में दिल्ली के प्रबल सुन्नी राज्य के अतिरिक्त और किसी भी मजहब या धर्म का कोई राज्य खड़ा रहे किंतु मुहम्मद की कुछ योजनाओं ने न केवल दिल्ली सल्तनत के खजाने को क्षति पहुंचाई थी अपितु सल्तनत की सेना का भी नाश कर दिया था। इस कारण मुल्ला-मौलवियों ने मुहम्मद बिन तुगलक को पागल घोषित कर दिया।
मुहम्मद बिन तुगलक आज से लगभग सात सौ पहले के भारत का शासक था। उस समय के सुल्तानों का कार्य राजकोष में सोना-चांदी भरने, विधर्मियों को बलपूर्वक मुसलमान बनाने, अपने राज्य की सीमाओं का विस्तार करने तथा अपने विरोधियों को समाप्त करने तक सीमित होता था किंतु मुहम्मद बिन तुगलक ने इन कार्यों के साथ-साथ कुछ ऐसी योजनाएं बनाईं जो सफल होने पर दूरगामी परिणाम दे सकती थीं किंतु उनके असफल होने पर राज्य नष्ट हो सका था।
सल्तनत के अमीर एवं सेनापति साधारण बुद्धि के थे तथा मुल्ला-मौलवी धर्मांध थे। वे मुहम्मद बिन तुगलक की योजनाओं को समझ नहीं पाए, इस कारण उन्होंने सुल्तान से सहयोग नहीं किया और उसकी लगभग समस्त बड़ी योजनाएं विफल हो गईं। परिणामतः राज्य के कोष, सेना एवं सीमा तीनों ही सिमट गए। मुल्ला-मौलवियों ने मुहम्मद बिन तुगलक की प्रत्येक योजना के लिए उसे पागल घोषित किया। जब हम मुहम्मद बिन तुगलक की योजनाओं की बारीकियों में जाते हैं तो हमें उसका व्यक्तित्व प्रतिभा, महत्त्वाकांक्षा और दुर्भाग्य का अनोखा सम्मिश्रण दिखाई देता है। उसकी प्रतिभा ने उसे नई योजनाएं बनाने के लिए प्रेरित किया, उसकी अदम्य महत्त्वाकांक्षाओं ने उसे पिता और भाई की हत्या जैसे क्रूर कर्म करने के लिए प्रेरित किया और उसके दुर्भाग्य ने उसकी प्रत्येक योजना को विफल कर दिया।
इस रोचक इतिहास का वीडियो देखें-
उस काल में सल्तनत के मंत्री प्रायः मुल्ला-मौलवी और उलेमा हुआ करते थे, उनका दृष्टिकोण संकुचित होता था और वे राज्य को अपने हिसाब से चलाना चाहते थे जिसमें दूसरे धर्म वालों के लिए जगह नहीं होती थी। मुहम्मद को यह बात पसंद नहीं थी, इसलिए वह मुल्ला-मौलवियों की सलाह की उपेक्षा करता था। यदि कोई मुल्ला-मौलवी, मुफ्ती या काजी जनता पर अत्याचार करता हुआ पाया जाता था तो सुल्तान उस मुल्ला-मौलवी को दण्डित करता था। यहाँ तक कि उन्हें सरेआम कोड़ों से पिटवाता था! चौदहवीं शताब्दी के इस्लामी राज्य में मुल्ला-मौलवियों को कोड़ों से पिटते हुए देखना किसी अजूबे से कम नहीं था।
सुल्तान ने मुल्ला-मौलवियों एवं उलेमाओं को न्याय करने के अधिकार से वंचित कर दिया जिसे वे अपना एकाधिकार समझते थे। इस कारण राज्य में उलेमाओं का वर्चस्व समाप्त हो गया और वे सुल्तान के विरोधी होकर उसकी निंदा करते थे। जियाउद्दीन बरनी जो कि स्वयं एक उलेमा था, वह सुल्तान मुहम्मद बिन तुगलक का इतना विरोधी था कि उसने अपनी पुस्तक में सुल्तान के काल की घटनाओं को पूरी तरह बिगाड़कर लिखा।
मुहम्मद बिन तुगलक के दुर्भाग्य से उसके शासन काल में दो-आब में लम्बा दुर्भिक्ष पड़ा। इस कारण सुल्तान अपना दरबार सरगद्वारी नामक स्थान पर ले गया और वहाँ पर ढाई वर्ष तक रहकर अकाल-पीड़ितों की सहायता करता रहा। उसने किसानों को लगभग 70 लाख रुपये तकावी के रूप में बँटवाये तथा बड़ी संख्या में कुएँ खुदवाए।
मुहम्मद बिन तुगलक में महान् आदर्शवाद के साथ नृशंसता, अपार उदारता के साथ निर्दयता तथा आस्तिकता के साथ-साथ घोर नास्तिकता मौजूद थी। इसलिये कुछ इतिहासकारों ने उसे विभिन्नताओं का सम्मिश्रण कहा है।
इब्नबतूता लिखता है- ‘मुहम्मद दान देने तथा रक्तपात करने में सबसे आगे है। उसके द्वार पर सदैव कुछ दरिद्र मनुष्य धनवान होते हैं तथा कुछ प्राणदण्ड पाते देखे जाते हैं। अपने उदार तथा निर्भीक कार्यों और निर्दय तथा हिंसात्मक व्यवहारों के कारण जन-साधारण में उसकी बड़ी ख्याति है। यह सब होते हुए भी वह बड़ा विनम्र तथा न्यायप्रिय है। धार्मिक अवसरों के प्रति उसकी बड़ी सहानुभूति है। वह इबादत बड़ी सावधानी से करता है और उसका उल्लंघन करने पर कठोर दण्ड की आज्ञा देता है। उसका वैभव विशाल है और उसका आमोद-प्रमोद साधारण सीमा का उल्लंघन कर गया है किन्तु उसकी उदारता उसका विशिष्ट गुण है।’
इब्नबतूता से ठीक उलट जियाउद्दीन बरनी ने लिखा है- ‘सुल्तान की शारीरिक तथा मानसिक शक्तियाँ असीम गुण-सम्पन्न नहीं समझी जा सकतीं। उसकी साधारण दयालुता, सैयदों एवं इस्लाम-भक्त मुसलमानों को मृत्यु-दण्ड देने की उत्कण्ठा तथा उसकी आस्तिकता गर्म एवं ठण्डी साँस लेने के समान प्रतीत होती हैं। यह एक ऐसा रहस्य है जो बुद्धिभ्रम उत्पन्न कर देता है।’
डॉ. ईश्वरी प्रसाद ने लिखा है- ‘ऊपर से देखने पर हमें प्रतीत होता है कि मुहम्मद विरोधी तत्त्वों का आश्चर्यजनक योग था किन्तु वास्तव में वह ऐसा नहीं था। गवेषणात्मक दृष्टि से देखने पर ये विभिन्नताएँ निर्मूल सिद्ध हो जाती हैं। वह मध्यकालीन शासकों में सर्वाधिक विद्वान् तथा प्रतिभाशाली था। उसकी योजनाएँ, उसकी बुद्धिमत्ता तथा उसके व्यापक दृष्टिकोण की परिचायक हैं। उसकी विफलताएँ, उसकी मूर्खता की परिचायक नहीं हैं। उसके विचार तथा सिद्धान्त गलत नहीं थे। उसे विफलता कर्मचारियों की अयोग्यता तथा प्रजा के असहयोग के कारण मिलती थी। सुल्तान के आदर्श ऊँचे थे। उसने अपने आदर्शों को क्रियात्मक रूप में बदले का प्रयास किया। उसकी योजनाएँ विपरीत परिस्थितियों के कारण असफल रहीं परन्तु अनुकूल परिस्थितियों में उनकी सफल कार्यान्विती हो सकती थी।’
एल्फिन्सटन पहला इतिहासकार था जिसने सुल्तान में पागलपन का कुछ अंश होने का लांछन लगाया। परवर्ती यूरोपीय इतिहासकारों हैवेल, इरविन, स्मिथ तथा लेनपूल ने भी एल्फिन्स्टन के इस मत का अनुमोदन किया परन्तु आधुनिक इतिहासकार इस मत को स्वीकार नहीं करते।
यद्यपि बरनी तथा इब्नबतूता ने सुल्तान के कार्यों की तीव्र आलोचना की है तथापि उस पर पागलपन का लांछन नहीं लगाया है। गार्डिनर ब्राउन ने लिखा है- ‘उसके समय के किसी भी व्यक्ति ने इस बात की ओर संकेत नही किया है कि वह पागल था। उसके व्यावहारिक तथा सक्रिय चरित्र से यह पता नहीं लगता कि वह कोरा-काल्पनिक था।’
-डॉ. मोहनलाल गुप्ता
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After I initially commented I seem to have clicked on the -Notify me when new comments are added- checkbox and now every time a comment is added I receive four emails with the exact same comment. There has to be an easy method you can remove me from that service? Thanks a lot.
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May I simply just say what a comfort to find somebody who genuinely understands what they’re talking about on the web. You definitely understand how to bring a problem to light and make it important. More people must read this and understand this side of your story. I was surprised that you aren’t more popular given that you surely possess the gift.
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Aw, this was a really nice post. Finding the time and actual effort to create a great article… but what can I say… I procrastinate a whole lot and don’t seem to get nearly anything done.
After I initially commented I appear to have clicked the -Notify me when new comments are added- checkbox and from now on every time a comment is added I recieve four emails with the same comment. There has to be a means you can remove me from that service? Kudos.
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